Comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7), Gamma (P.1), Zeta (P.2) and Delta (B.1.617.2) in Vero-E6 cells: ultrastructural characterization of cytopathology and replication kinetics

Abstract This study compares the effects of virus-cell interactions among SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) isolated in Brazil in 2021, hypothesizing a correlation between cellular alterations and mortality and between viral load and transmissibility. For this purpose, reference isolates of Alpha, Gamma, Zeta, and Delta variants were inoculated into monolayers of Vero-E6 cells. Viral RNA was quantified in cell supernatants by RT‒PCR, and infected cells were analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of cellular changes 24, 48, and 72 hours postinfection (hpi). Ultrastructural analyses showed that all variants of SARS-CoV-2 altered the structure and function of mitochondria, nucleus, and rough endoplasmic reticulum of cells. Monolayers infected with the Delta variant showed the highest number of modified cells and the greatest statistically significant differences compared to those of other variants. Viral particles were observed in the cytosol and the cell membrane in 100 % of the cells at 48 hpi. Alpha showed the highest mean particle diameter (79 nm), and Gamma and Delta were the smallest (75 nm). Alpha and Gamma had the highest particle frequency per field at 48 hpi, while the same was observed for Zeta and Delta at 72 hpi and 24 hpi, respectively. The cycle threshold of viral RNA varied among the target protein, VOC, and time of infection. The findings presented here demonstrate that all four VOCs evaluated caused ultrastructural changes in Vero-E6 cells, which were more prominent when infection occured with the Delta variant.

Preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y carga laboral como predictores del malestar psicológico durante la emergencia sanitaria en personal de salud de Perú

Introducción: Durante la emergencia sanitaria, preocupan las repercusiones en la salud mental que pudieran estar experimentando los trabajadores sanitarios peruanos, quienes representan la primera línea de atención contra la COVID-19. Objetivo: Determinar si la preocupación por la COVID-19 y la carga laboral predicen el malestar psicológico en personal de salud. Métodos: Estudio predictivo en 367 trabajadores (enfermeros, médicos, técnicos en enfermería, obstetras, odontólogos, psicólogos, nutricionistas, entre otros) de ambos sexos en 12 redes de salud de la región de Puno, seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Los datos se recogieron a través de la Escala de malestar psicológico de Kessler, la Escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la Escala de carga de trabajo (ECT). Resultados: Se encontró que no hay diferencias significativas entre varones y mujeres en el malestar psicológico, la preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 y la carga laboral; además, se hallaron correlaciones muy significativas entre las variables de estudio (p < 0,01). El análisis de regresión múltiple demostró un ajuste adecuado para el modelo (F = 94,834; p < 0,001), en el que la preocupación por la COVID-19 (ß =-0,436; p < 0,01) y la carga laboral (ß = 0,239; p < 0,01) son variables que predicen significativamente el malestar psicológico (R2 ajustado = 0,33). Conclusiones: La preocupación por la COVID-19 y la sobrecarga de trabajo predicen el malestar psicológico en el personal sanitario de la región de Puno.

Introduction: During the health emergency, there is concern about the mental health repercussions that Peruvian health workers, who represent the front line of care for COVID-19, may be experiencing. Objective: To determine whether concern about COVID-19 and workloads predict psychological distress in healthcare workers. Methods: Predictive study in which 367 workers (nurses, doctors, nursing assistants, obstetricians, dentists, psychologists, nutritionists, among others) from 12 health networks in the Puno region participated, selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. The data were collected via the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the COVID-19 Scale of Concern and the Workload Scale. Results: It was found that there are no significant differences between men and women in psychological discomfort and concern about COVID-19 infection and workload. Furthermore, highly significant correlations were found between the study variables (p <0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed an adequate adjustment for the model (F = 94.834; p <0.001), where concern about COVID-19 (ß = -0.436; p <0.01) and workload (ß = 0.239; p <0.01) are variables that significantly predict psychological discomfort (adjusted R2 = 0.33). Conclusions: Concern about COVID-19 and work overload predict psychological distress in health personnel in the Puno region.

Análisis factorial de la Escala Situacional de Empatia Emocional en una muestra universitaria chilena

La preocupación empática y angustia personal son los componentes emocionales de la empatía según los modelos más utilizados. Estos componentes pueden conceptualizarse en forma disposicional o situacional. Los análisis previos tienden a considerar escalas disposicionales con escasa evidencia para las situacionales. El presente estudio analizó la estructura factorial de la Escala Situacional de la Empatía Emocional, compuesta por la preocupación empática y angustia personal. En una muestra a conveniencia de estudiantes universitarias/os chilenos/as (N = 539), se analizó el ajuste de primer y segundo orden de la escala mediante análisis factorial. Los resultados indicaron un buen (X2/gl = 4.189, CFI = .964, ТЫ = .932, sRMR = .042, RMSEA = .086, AIC = 12041.418, BIC = 12097.185) y mejor ajuste del modelo de segundo orden Cfdiferenda(1) = 16.689,p .01, -ΔAIC- = 211.633 > 10, y -ΔBIC- = 207.342 > 10), mientras que el de un orden no mostró un buen ajuste (X2/gl = 20.878, CFI = .727, ты = .544, SRMR = .118, RMSEA = .224, AIC = 12253.051, BIC = 12304.527). Los resultados fueron consistentes con la literatura. Se discute la necesidad de nuevas evidencias de validez y el uso de muestras más representativas.

Empathic concern and personal distress are the emotional components of empathy according to most utilized models. These components can be conceptualized in a dispositional or situational form. Previous analyzes tend to consider dispositional scales, with little evidence for situational ones. The present study analyzed the factor structure of a situational scale of emotional empathy, composed of empathic concern and personal distress. In a convenience sample of Chilean university students (N = 539), the one-order and second-order fit of the scale was analyzed using factor analysis. The results indicated a good (X2/gl = 4.189, CFI = .964, ТЫ = .932, SRMR = .042, RMSEA = .086, AIC = 12041.418, BIC = 12097.185) and better Ct2 difference(1) = 16.689, p .01, -ΔAIC- = 211.633 > 10, y -ΔBIC- = 207.342 > 10) second-order fit while one-order did not show a good fit (X2/gl = 20.878, CFI = .727, ты = .544, SRMR = .118, RMSEA = .224, AIC = 12253.051, BIC = 12304.527). The results were consistent with the literature. The need for new types of validity and the use of more representative samples was discussed.

Escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 en personal de la salud peruano

Introducción: La pandemia mundial producida por el SARS-CoV-2 ha generado preocupación por el contagio, sobre todo en el personal de salud que está en primera línea. Objetivo: Diseñar y analizar las evidencias de validez de contenido, estructura interna y confiabilidad de una medida de preocupación por el contagio de COVID-19 en personal de salud peruano. Material y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo y diseño instrumental. La escala se aplicó a 321 profesionales de ciencias de la salud (78 varones y 243 mujeres) con edades comprendidas entre los 22 y los 64 (38,12 ± 9,61) an os. Resultados: Los valores del coeficiente V de Aiken fueron estadísticamente significativos. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, que indicó la existencia de un solo factor. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) confirmó un modelo satisfactorio de 6 ítems en 1 solo factor. La solución del AFC obtuvo índices de ajuste adecuados (RMSEA = 0,079; p = 0,05; TLI = 0,967; CFI = 0,980; GFI = 0,971 y AGFI = 0,931); además; mostró una buena consistencia interna según el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (a = 0,865; IC95%, 0,83-0,89). Conclusiones: La escala de preocupación por el contagio de la COVID-19 es una medida breve válida y confiable que se puede utilizar para fines de investigación y función profesional.

A B S T R A C T Introduction: The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has generated concern about contagion, especially among healthcare workers who are on the front line. Objective: To design and analyse the evidence of content validity, internal structure and reliability of a measure of concern about the spread of COVID-19 among Peruvian healthcare workers. Material and methods: Quantitative study and instrumental design. The scale was administered to 321 health science professionals (78 males and 243 females), whose ages ranged from 22 to 64 years (38.12±9.61). Results: Aiken's V-coefficient values were statistically significant. An exploratory factor analysis was performed which indicated the existence of a single factor, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed a satisfactory six-factor model. The CFA solution obtained adequate fit indices (RMSEA = 0.079; p = 0.05; TLI = 0.967; IFC = 0.980; GFI = 0.971, and AGFI = 0.931), and showed good internal consistency based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient (a = 0.865; CI 95%, 0.83-0.89). Conclusions: The scale of concern for COVID-19 infection is a valid and reliable brief measure that can be used for research and professional purposes.

A straightforward one-step strategy for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and screening of variants of concern: a multicentre study

BACKGROUND The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) has changed unevenly over time around the world. Although whole genome sequencing is the gold standard for virus characterisation, the discovery of alpha VOC causing spike gene target failure (SGTF) result, when tested using an reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, has provided a simple tool for tracking the frequencies of variants. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if a multiplex RT-qPCR assay (BioM 4Plex VOC) could be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to perform a VOC screening test in a single reaction tube. Here, we present the multicentre study evaluating this assay. METHODS Twelve laboratories have participated in the multicentre study. The BioM 4Plex VOC was distributed to them with detailed instructions of how to perform the test. They were asked to test the BioM 4Plex VOC in parallel with their routine Commercial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay. Additionally, they were requested to select SARS-CoV-2-positive samples with genome sequenced and lineage definition according to PANGO lineage classification. FINDINGS The BioM 4Plex VOC and commercial RT-PCR assay are equally effective in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Results revealed a specificity of 96.5-100% [95% confidence interval (CI)], a sensitivity of 99.8-100% (95% CI), and an accuracy of 99.8-100% (95% CI). A 99% concordance rate was found between results from the BioM 4Plex VOC and that from available genome sequencing data. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The BioM 4Plex VOC provides an effective solution to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections and screening for VOCs in a single reaction. It is a straightforward method to help us monitor the frequency and distribution of VOCs and develop strategies to better cope with the pandemics.

A straightforward one-step strategy for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and screening of variants of concern: a multicentre study

BACKGROUND The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) has changed unevenly over time around the world. Although whole genome sequencing is the gold standard for virus characterisation, the discovery of alpha VOC causing spike gene target failure (SGTF) result, when tested using an reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay, has provided a simple tool for tracking the frequencies of variants. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if a multiplex RT-qPCR assay (BioM 4Plex VOC) could be used to detect SARS-CoV-2 and to perform a VOC screening test in a single reaction tube. Here, we present the multicentre study evaluating this assay. METHODS Twelve laboratories have participated in the multicentre study. The BioM 4Plex VOC was distributed to them with detailed instructions of how to perform the test. They were asked to test the BioM 4Plex VOC in parallel with their routine Commercial SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic assay. Additionally, they were requested to select SARS-CoV-2-positive samples with genome sequenced and lineage definition according to PANGO lineage classification. FINDINGS The BioM 4Plex VOC and commercial RT-PCR assay are equally effective in detecting SARS-CoV-2. Results revealed a specificity of 96.5-100% [95% confidence interval (CI)], a sensitivity of 99.8-100% (95% CI), and an accuracy of 99.8-100% (95% CI). A 99% concordance rate was found between results from the BioM 4Plex VOC and that from available genome sequencing data. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The BioM 4Plex VOC provides an effective solution to detect SARS-CoV-2 infections and screening for VOCs in a single reaction. It is a straightforward method to help us monitor the frequency and distribution of VOCs and develop strategies to better cope with the pandemics.

Study on the effect of personal radiological protective equipment used in diagnostic radiology / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To study the actual effect of the use of personal protective equipment of the examined individuals, and provide reference and basis for the correct use of personal protective equipment and the radiological health administrative law enforcement.Methods:From February to June 2022, the imaging department of Qingdao Municipal Hospital selected 170 patients who underwent X-ray imaging examination (oral panoramic, dental radiography, DR photography, CT scanning), including 25 with oral panoramic and dental radiography, 60 with CT scanning and 60 with DR imaging. The thermoluminescent dosimeter was used to detect the ambient dose equivalent at the point of concern for 170 examined individuals who have used personal protective equipment to cover their sensitive parts, and to analyze the data detected at the same point as above when routinely using the same equipment.Results:There was a statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points inside and outside the lead neckband ( t=-2.23, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same point inside and outside the lead collar during dental radiography ( P>0.05). During DR photography (chest PA, lateral and lumbar AP), the examined individuals were wearing lead aprons. Among them, there was a statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points inside and outside the lead aprons of children′s chest PA and adults′ chest PA ( U=10.00, 19.00, P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points inside and outside the lead aprons of adult′s chest PA and lumbar AP ( P>0.05). When performing CT scan (chest or upper abdomen), there was a statistically significant difference in the dose equivalent at the same points of wrapped lead aprons( U=878.50, 11.00, P<0.05). Conclusions:The correct use of personal protective equipment is a complex technical problem. It is very important to fully and accurately understand the optimization principle of radiation protection and correctly use personal protective equipment for the examined individuals. The administrative punishment of radiation health on the use of personal protective equipment of the examined individuals should be cautious.

Research Progress in Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern / 中国医学科学院学报

So far,the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has been persisting for nearly three years,infecting about 700 million people and causing more than 6 million deaths,which has seriously affected the human society.According to Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data,there are more than 12 million SARS-CoV-2 variants,of which the five major variants of concern are Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta and Omicron.Their infectivity,pathogencity,and neutralization resistance have changed greatly compared with the original strain,which has brought great pressure to the prevention and control of the pandemic.Antibody level testing is critical for confirming infection,epidemiological investigation,vaccine development,and neutralizing drug preparation.Focusing on the humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2,this paper introduces the mutation sites,neutralization resistance,and vaccination efficacy of the five variants of concern,and briefly summarizes the evolutionary characteristics,future mutation directions,and host immunity.

Topics, Concerns, and Feelings Commented on Facebook after the First Death by COVID-19 in Mozambique / Temas, preocupaciones y sentimientos comentados en Facebook tras la primera muerte por COVID-19 en Mozambique

In Mozambique, as in other parts of the world, COVID-19 has had consequences in many areas, especially in the health sector. This study aims to analyze the comments made and discussed on Facebook after the first death from the disease, verifying the main topics, concerns, and feelings that users most expressed on that social network. Using the content analysis method, IRaMuTeQ® generated a dendrogram focused on death, diagnostic circumstances, disease prevention, and restrictive government measures. Users also raised concerns about health care professionals, family and community, and feelings of sadness. Although the feelings presented reflect the lan-guage used in comments on a social network, and it is impossible to diagnose from them, this study creates paths for further research in the area. Therefore, for the first time, it demonstrates results from a mental health study with data analyzed from a social network in Mozambique. These results can guide and alert local health entities about health communications, strategies, and attention that should be given to the mental health of individuals during this pandemic and in the long term

En Mozambique, como en otras partes del mundo, el COVID-19 trajo consecuencias en muchas áreas, principalmente en el sector de la salud. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los comentarios realizados y discutidos en Facebook después de la primera muerte por la enfermedad, con el fin de verificar los principales temas, preocupaciones y sentimientos que los usuarios más expresaron en esa red social. Utilizando el método de análisis de contenido, IRaMuTeQ® generó un dendrograma con temas enfocados en las circunstancias de la muerte, las circunstancias del diagnóstico, la prevención de enfermedades, y las medidas restrictivas del gobierno. También hubo preocupaciones con los profesionales de la salud, la familia y la comunidad, además de sentimientos de tristeza. Aunque los sentimientos presentados reflejan el lenguaje utilizado en los comentarios en una red social, y no es posible dar un diagnóstico basado en ellos, este estudio abre caminos para futuras investigaciones en el área. Por lo tanto, por primera vez, se demuestra un estudio de salud mental con datos analizados en una red social en Mozambique, y puede servir como ayuda y alerta a las entidades locales de salud sobre comunicaciones de salud, estrategias y atención que se debe dar a la salud mental de las personas durante esta pandemia y a largo plazo

Pedagogical concerns of physical therapist professors and their perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic / Preocupaciones pedagógicas del fisioterapeuta-profesor y sus percepciones sobre la pandemia del COVID-19 / Preocupações pedagógicas do fisioterapeuta professor e suas percepções sobre a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT In health professions education, professors usually face some difficulties and concerns. The COVID-19 pandemic has further amplified these challenges, leading to changes in teaching methods and new concerns. This study aimed to identify undergraduate physical therapy professors' concerns (PC) about the learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical therapists who served as undergraduate physical therapy professors in Brazil answered a questionnaire on PC (Teacher Concerns Questionnaire - TCQ), a sociodemographic profile questionnaire, and an open-ended question on the perception of changes in PC during the pandemic. A total of 187 physical therapist professors completed the questionary and had moderate PC (TCQ 49.6±10.5), with no association with the stage of their teaching career, age, and length of professional training. Participants in continuing education activities had higher PC. Of the participants, 94.1% reported changes in PC resulting from the pandemic. Therefore, professors who participate in continuing education activities are more concerned about the impact of their practice than those who do not participate. At the same time, these concerns seem to have changed during the pandemic.

RESUMEN En la formación de los profesionales de la salud, los docentes suelen experimentar algunas dificultades y preocupaciones. La pandemia del COVID-19 intensificó aún más estos desafíos, por provocar cambios en los métodos de enseñanza, dando lugar a nuevas preocupaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las preocupaciones de los profesores (PP) de los cursos de graduación en Fisioterapia respecto al ambiente de aprendizaje durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se invitó a fisioterapeutas que actuaban como profesores en cursos de graduación en Fisioterapia en Brasil a responder un cuestionario sobre las PP (Teacher Concerns Questionnaire, TCQ), sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y la percepción de cambios en PP en relación con la pandemia. Participaron 187 fisioterapeutas profesores que presentaron PP moderadas (TCQ: 49,6±10,5), sin asociación con la etapa de la carrera docente, la edad y el tiempo de formación profesional. Los participantes en actividades de formación continuada en la docencia tuvieron una PP más alta. El 94,1% de los participantes informaron cambios en PP resultantes de la pandemia. Se concluye que los profesores que participan en actividades de formación continuada están más preocupados por el impacto de su práctica. A la vez, estas preocupaciones parecen haber cambiado durante la pandemia.

RESUMO Na formação dos profissionais de saúde, os professores geralmente vivenciam algumas dificuldades e preocupações. A pandemia de COVID-19 amplificou ainda mais esses desafios, acarretando mudanças nos métodos de ensino e gerando novas preocupações. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar quais são as preocupações dos professores (PPs) dos cursos de graduação em Fisioterapia com relação ao ambiente de aprendizagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Fisioterapeutas que atuavam como docentes em cursos de graduação em Fisioterapia no Brasil foram convidados a responder a um questionário de sobre as PPs (Teacher Concerns Questionnaire - TCQ), sobre perfil sociodemográfico e sobre a percepção de mudanças nas PPs devido à pandemia. Participaram 187 fisioterapeutas professores que apresentaram PP moderada (TCQ: 49,6±10,5), sem associação com a fase da carreira docente, a idade ou o tempo de formação. Aqueles que participam de atividades de formação continuada em docência apresentaram maior PP. Alterações nas PPs decorrentes da pandemia foram relatadas por 94,1% dos participantes. Conclui-se que os professores que participam de atividades de formação continuada se preocupam mais com o impacto de sua prática do que os que não participam. Ao mesmo tempo, essas preocupações parecem ter mudado durante a pandemia.

Uma leitura crítica das emergências em saúde global: o caso da epidemia de zika de 2016 / A critical view of the global health emergencies: the 2016 zika epidemic case

Resumo O estudo da definição de agendas e prioridades da saúde global tem sido, nos últimos anos, uma das prioridades de uma literatura crítica que visa identificar as dimensões políticas da governança global em saúde, e que enfatiza os pontos de tensão, exclusão e desigualdade. O presente ensaio se posiciona nesta leitura crítica da saúde global, focando a construção da categoria de emergência de importância internacional. Considerando em específico o caso do surto de zika e de síndromes congênitas no Brasil, em 2016, explora as condições que possibilitam a construção de uma emergência. Questionamos os fatores e condições em torno desse evento de saúde pública que eventualmente foram considerados no processo decisório, e que vão além dos dados materiais mais objetivos relativos à epidemiologia do zika, à sua morbi-mortalidade ou à sua associação com as malformações congênitas. Concluímos que o contexto securitário e a crescente importância do risco na saúde global são condições importantes para entender as declarações de emergência.

Abstract The study of global health agenda-setting and issue-prioritization has been one of the key aspects of a critical literature that, in recent years, has aimed to identify the political dimensions of global health governance and to shed light on points of tension, exclusion, and inequality. This essay speaks to this critical global health literature, focusing on the construction of the category of emergencies of international concern. Considering the case of the outbreak of zika and congenital syndrome in Brazil in 2016, it explores the conditions enabling the construction of an emergency. We question the factors and conditions around this public health event that were considered during the decision-making process and that transcended material, more objective data regarding zika's epidemiology, its morbimortality, or its association with congenital malformations. We conclude that the securitized context and the growing relevance of risk to global health are important conditions for understanding emergency declarations.

Effect of Fear, Concern, and of Risk Factors for Complicated Covid-19 on Self-Care in People in Pre-elderly and Elderly Stages / Efecto del temor, la preocupación y de los factores de riesgo para COVID-19 complicado sobre el autocuidado en personas en etapa de prevejez y vejez / Efeito do medo, preocupação e fatores de risco para COVID-19 complicado no autocuidado em idosos e idosos

Objective. The work sought to determine the effect of the risk factors, fear, and concern on self-care regarding COVID-19 in people in pre-elderly and elderly stages. Methods. Correlational-predictive study, gathered through convenience sampling. The study applied the scale of fear of COVID-19(Huarcaya et al.), the scale of concern about COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.,), and the scale of self-care during the COVID-19 confinement (Martínez et al.,). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied as the mediation model based on regression. Results. The study had the participation of 333 people, with the majority being women (73.9%). Correlation was found between self-care with the scores from the scale of fear (r = -0.133, p<0.05) and of concern (r = -0.141, p<0.05) regarding COVID-19. The direct effect of the model was c' = 0.16, [95% BCa CI = -0.28, -0.09]. The standardized value for the indirect effect was estimated as c = -0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), which shows existence of a 14.0% effect of the mediating variable on self-care conducts in the prediction model. Conclusion. A direct effect exists of risk factors for COVID-19 complication on self-care, mediated by concern and fear, besides explaining by 14% the self-care conducts for COVID-19. Recommendation is made to address other emotional variables to consider if these increase the prediction.

Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de los factores de riesgo, temor y preocupación sobre el autocuidado ante la COVID-19 en personas en etapa de prevejez y vejez. Métodos. Estudio correlacional-predictivo, recolectado mediante un muestreo a conveniencia. Se aplicó la escala de temor ante el COVID-19(Huarcaya et al.), la escala de preocupación ante el COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.) y la escala de autocuidado durante el confinamiento de COVID-19 (Martínez et al.). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva e inferencial como el modelo de mediación basado en regresión. Resultados. Participaron 333 personas, en su mayoría mujeres, 73.9%. Se halló correlación entre el autocuidado con los puntajes de la escala de temor (r=-0.133, p<0.05) y de preocupación (r=-0.141, p<0.05) ante la COVID-19. El efecto directo del modelo fue de c'=0.16, [95% BCa CI =-0.28,-0.09]. Por su parte, el valor estandarizado para el efecto indirecto se estimó en c=-0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), lo que muestra la existencia de un efecto de 14.0% de la variable mediadora sobre las conductas de autocuidado en el modelo predictor. Conclusión. Existe un efecto directo de los factores de riesgo para complicación de la COVID-19 sobre el autocuidado, mediado por la preocupación y el temor, aunado a que explica en un 14% la conducta de autocuidado para la COVID-19. Se recomienda abordar otras variables emocionales para considerar si estas aumentan la predicción.

Objetivo. Determinar o efeito dos fatores de risco, medo e preocupação no autocuidado diante da COVID-19 em pessoas na fase de velhice e velhice. Métodos. Estudo preditivo-correlacional, coletado por amostragem de conveniência. A escala de medo do COVID-19 foi aplicada(Huarcaya et al.), a escala de preocupação COVID-19 (Ruíz et al.) e a escala de autocuidado durante o confinamento COVID-19 (Martínez et al.). Estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais foram aplicadas como modelo de mediação baseado em regressão. Resultados.Participaram 333 pessoas, sendo a maioria mulheres 73,9%. Foi encontrada correlação entre o autocuidado e os escores da escala de medo (r=-0.133, p<0.05) e preocupação (r=-0.141, p<0.05) diante da COVID-19. O efeito direto do modelo foi c'=0.16, [95% BCa CI =-0.28,-0.09]. Por sua vez, o valor padronizado para o efeito indireto foi estimado em c=-0.14, [95% BCa CI= -0.23,-0.09]), o que mostra a existência de um efeito de 14.0% da variável mediadora sobre o self -comportamentos de cuidado no modelo preditor. Conclusão. Há efeito direto dos fatores de risco para complicações da COVID-19 no autocuidado, mediado pela preocupação e medo, além de explicar 14% do comportamento de autocuidado para a COVID-19. Recomenda-se abordar outras variáveis emocionais para considerar se elas aumentam a previsão.

Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2: characteristic mutations and their relation to epidemiological behavior / Sub-linajes de la variante Ómicron del SARS-CoV-2: mutaciones características y su relación con el comportamiento epidemiológico

Abstract By the end of 2021, the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, emerges, causing immediate concern, due to the explosive increase in cases in South Africa and a large number of mutations. This study describes the characteristic mutations of the Omicron variant in the Spike protein, and the behavior of the successive epidemic waves associated to the sub-lineages throughout the world. The mutations in the Spike protein described are related to the virus ability to evade the protection elicited by current vaccines, as well as with possible reduced susceptibility to host proteases for priming of the fusion process, and how this might be related to changes in tropism, a replication enhanced in nasal epithelial cells, and reduced in pulmonary tissue; traits probably associated with the apparent reduced severity of Omicron compared to other variants.

Resumen A finales de 2021 surge la variante Omicron del SARS-CoV-2, el coronavirus responsable de la COVID-19, causando preocupación inmediata, debido al aumento explosivo de casos en Suráfrica, y a su gran cantidad de mutaciones. Este estudio describe las mutaciones características de la variante Ómicron en la proteína de la Espiga (S) y el comportamiento de las sucesivas olas epidémicas asociadas a la circulación de sus sub-linajes en todo el mundo. Las mutaciones en la proteína S descritas están relacionadas con su capacidad para evadir la protección provocada por las vacunas actuales, así como su posible susceptibilidad reducida a las proteasas del hospedero para la preparación del proceso de fusión. Se infiere cómo esto podría estar relacionado con su cambio en el tropismo, con una replicación mayor en las células epiteliales nasales y menor en el tejido pulmonar, rasgos probablemente asociados a su aparente menor gravedad en comparación con otras variantes.

O estágio da concernência e a elaboração do complexo de Édipo: revisitando Winnicott e o caso Piggle / The stage of concern and the elaboration of the Oedipus complex: revisiting Winnicott and the Piggle case / La etapa de preocupación y la elaboración del complejo de Edipo: revisando Winnicott y el caso Piggle

O nosso texto toma como ideia central o referencial winnicottiano, salientando a importância de um bom atravessamento do estágio da concernência (stage of concern) ­ etapa que, a nosso ver, é indispensável para constituir os pilares de um psiquismo relativamente saudável, capaz de enfrentar as mazelas oriundas do conflito edipiano. Para tanto, iniciaremos o trabalho com uma breve descrição do estágio da concernência, seguida das questões relativas à ambivalência característica do Édipo propriamente dito. Por fim, tecemos algumas considerações que objetivam relacionar uma análise do caso Piggle (The Piggle), uma menina de dois anos e meio, cujo tratamento, realizado por D. W. Winnicott, ocorreu em dezesseis encontros, constituindo uma espécie de análise, de acordo com a demanda, tratando, sobretudo, questões ligadas à intensidade de sentimentos ambivalentes não elaborados pela paciente, que anteciparam o seu ingresso no complexo de Édipo antes que ela passasse, fundamentalmente, pelo estágio da concernência.

Our text makes as its central idea the Winnicott's approach, emphasizing the importance of a good crossing of the stage of concern - a stage that, in our view, is essential to constitute the pillars of a relatively healthy psyche, capable of coping with ailments arising from the oedipal conflict. Therefore, we will begin our work with a brief description of the stage of concern, followed by questions relating to the characteristic ambivalence of Oedipus himself. Finally, we make some considerations that aim to connect with an analysis of the Piggle case (The Piggle), a two and a half year old girl, whose treatment, carried out by D.W. Winnicott, occurred during sixteen meetings, constituting a kind of analysis according to demand, dealing with, above all, issues related to the intensity of ambivalent feelings not elaborated by the patient, which anticipated her entry into the Oedipus complex before she went, fundamentally, through the stage of concern.

Nuestro texto toma como idea central el marco winnicottiano, enfatizando la importancia de un buen cruce de la etapa de la preocupación, etapa que, a nuestro juicio, es fundamental para constituir los pilares de una psique rela-tivamente sana, capaz de hacer frente a las dolencias que surgen. del conflicto edípico. Por lo tanto, comenzaremos el trabajo con una breve descripción de la etapa de preocupación, seguida de preguntas relacionadas con la ambiva-lencia característica del propio Edipo. Finalmente, hacemos algunas consi-deraciones que pretenden relacionar un análisis del caso Piggle (The Piggle), una niña de dos años y medio, cuyo tratamiento, realizado por DW Winnicott, ocurrió en dieciséis encuentros, constituyendo una especie de análisis según demanda, abordando, sobre todo, cuestiones relacionadas con la intensidad de sentimientos ambivalentes no elaborados por la paciente, que anticipaban su entrada en el complejo de Edipo antes de pasar, fundamentalmente, por la etapa de la preocupación.

Omicron and vaccine booster dose – an update

Mutations in coronavirus is not unheard off. The variant, Omicron B.1.1.529 has overall 50 mutations and is considered as a variant of concern. Though the new variant has shown changes throughout its genome, S gene changes predominate. Significant changes in the S encoding gene, S gene, influences not only the transmissibility properties of SARS-CoV-2 but also the efficacy of existing vaccines. Increased transmissibility and ability of this variant to evade host immune responses conferred either due to past infections or due to vaccination driving increase in number of infections. However, the severity of the infections is low in comparison to its predecessors. A meta-analysis of ten studies analyzing the effect of COVID-19 vaccine booster dose, it was found studies report 10-to-42-fold increase in omicron neutralization. COVID appropriate behaviors, if followed rigidly can bring a meaningful change in the viral spread and resultant health impacts.

The Emergence of Omicron: Challenging Times Are Here Again!

COVID-19 has been reported to have caused more than 286 million cases and 5.4 million deaths till date. COVID variants have appeared at regular intervals—alpha, beta, gamma, delta and now omicron. ‘Omicron’ is driving the current surge of cases in most countries including India and is poised to replace ‘delta’ the world over. This variant with more than 50 mutations is phylogenetically very diferent from other variants. The omicron variant spreads rapidly with an average doubling time of two days. The disease so far has been mild as compared with delta. Though previous infection and vaccination ofer little or no protection against infection with omicron, they do seem to partially protect against hospitalization and severe disease. Booster vaccinations have not made any notable impact on the spread of omicron and have further worsened global vaccine equity. The indirect consequences of omicron from lockdowns, restrictions, travel bans, economic losses, health care worker infections and overwhelming of health care facilities are likely to be enormous. The direct efects of omicron on children are expected to be mild like with the previous variants. However, the indirect efects on child mental, physical, and social health may be considerable owing to school closures, missed vaccinations, neglect of other diseases, etc. It is, therefore, imperative that governments take rational decisions to navigate the world through this latest crisis.

Factores asociados a preocupación y miedo durante la COVID-19 en practicantes preprofesionales de salud

RESUMEN Introducción: Los practicantes preprofesionales de la salud también fueron afectados mentalmente por la COVID-19. Objetivos: Determinar los factores asociados a tener más preocupación y miedo durante la COVID-19 en practicantes preprofesionales de la salud peruanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal con métodos analíticos; participaron 285 estudiantes de diferentes carreras de la salud del sur del Perú; les fueron aplicados 2 test validados localmente, a los resultados se les cruzó con diversas variables socio-educativas. Resultados: Las principales preocupaciones fueron: no podían evitar preocuparse a pesar de las medidas tomadas, incertidumbre por ser una enfermedad impredecible, que su centro laboral tiene muchos riesgos y la percepción de que su capacidad laboral fuera afectada por ser contagiado. Los principales miedos fueron: percepción de que el corazón se aceleraba o que las manos le suden. Quienes se encontraban en algún establecimiento I-3 (sin internamiento) tenían menos preocupación que los de otros (RPa: 0,56; IC 95 %: 0,43-0,72; valor p< 0,001), ajustado por el sexo y la carrera de estudios. A mayor edad había más miedo (RPa: 1,76; IC 95 %: 1,46-2,11; valor p< 0,001), ajustado por 4 variables. Conclusiones: Los practicantes evidenciaron preocupación en relación a lo impredecible que es la enfermedad, riesgos laborales y el poder ser contagiado; además, miedo que causó una aceleración cardiaca muy fuerte y sudor en las manos. Asociado a la preocupación estuvo el nivel del establecimiento de la salud en donde laboraban y asociado al miedo, la edad de los encuestados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Preprofessional health care practitioners were also mentally affected by COVID-19. Objectives: To determine the factors associated with having more worry and fear during COVID-19 in Peruvian pre-professional health care practitioners. Methods: Cross-sectional study with analytical methods, with the participation of 285 students from different health careers in southern Peru, to whom 2 locally validated tests were applied and crossed with different socio-educational variables. Results: The main concerns were that they could not help worrying despite the measures taken, the uncertainty of being an unpredictable disease, the fact that their workplace has many risks and the perception that their ability to work would be affected by being infected. The main fears were the perception that their heart was racing or that their hands were sweating. Those who were in an I-3 facility (without hospitalization) were less worried than those in other facilities (RPa: 0.56; 95 % CI: 0.43-0.72; p-value< 0.001), adjusted for sex and educational career. In addition, the older the age, the more fear (RPa: 1.76; 95 % CI: 1.46-2.11; p-value< 0.001), adjusted for 4 variables. Conclusions: The practitioners showed concern in relation to the unpredictability of the disease, occupational hazards and the fact that they could be infected; in addition, fear that caused a very strong cardiac acceleration and sweating in the hands. Associated with the concern was the level of the health facility where they worked. Associated with fear was the age of the respondents.

OMICRON (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 variant-Latest addition in the battle ground!!!

Background: Fungal colonisation of airways in Post TB patients, can lead to a spectrum of diseases based on the immune response of the host. This study was aimed at studying the different entities of this spectrum. Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted over 100 patients of post TB patients to make an observation of the diseases of the spectrum of Aspergillus infections. Results: Of the 100 patients who were studied, IPA was found in 24 (48%), ABPA in 13 (26%), CPA in 5 (10%) patients out of the 50 diabetics. ABPA in 23 (46%) patients, Simple colonization, CPA in 11 (22%) and 4 (8%) patients showed IPA out of the 50 non-diabetics. Conclusion: Chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis was the most common disease from Aspergillus among Post TB patients. Diabetes was associated with invasive forms of Aspergillosis, Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis (IPA) and subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (SAIA).

Detection of the Omicron variant of SARSCoV-2 by restriction analysis targeting the mutations K417N and N440K of the spike protein / Detección de la Variante Ómicron del SARS-CoV-2 por análisis de restricción de dos mutaciones de la proteína de la espiga

Abstract By the end of 2021, the Omicron variant of concern (VOC) emerges in South Africa. This variant caused immediate concern, due to the explosive increase in cases associated with it and the large number of mutations it exhibits. In this study, the restriction sites that allow detecting the mutations K417N and N440K in the Spike gene are described. This analysis allows us to propose a rapid method for the identification of cases infected with the Omicron variant. We show that the proposed methodology can contribute to provide more information on the prevalence and rapid detection of cases of this new VOC.

Resumen Para finales de 2021 surge la variante de preocupación (VOC por sus siglas en inglés) Ómicron en Sudáfrica. Esta variante causó de forma inmediata preocupación, debido al aumento explosivo de casos asociados a ella y al gran número de mutaciones que exhibe. En este estudio, se describen los sitios de restricción que permiten detectar dos de estas mutaciones en el gen de la espiga, las mutaciones K417N y N440K. Este análisis permite proponer un método rápido para la identificación de casos infectados con la variante Ómicron. Mostramos que la metodología propuesta puede contribuir a proporcionar más información sobre la prevalencia y a detectar rápidamente los casos de esta nueva VOC.

Clinical profile of patients infected with suspected SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern, Tamil Nadu, India, December 2021-January 2022

Background & objectives: COVID-19 cases have been rising rapidly in countries where the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC), Omicron (B.1.1.529) has been reported. We conducted a study to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with ‘S’ gene target failure (SGTF, suspected Omicron). Furthermore, their clinical outcomes with COVID-19 patients with non-SGTF (non-Omicron) were also compared. Methods: This study was conducted in Tamil Nadu, India, between December 14, 2021 and January 7, 2022 among patients who underwent reverse transcription-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in four laboratories with facilities for S gene screening. Consecutively selected COVID-19 patients with SGTF were telephonically contacted, seven and 14 days respectively after their date of positive result to collect information on the socio-demographic characteristics, previous history of COVID-19, vaccination status and clinical course of illness along with treatment details. To compare their outcomes with non-SGTF patients, one randomly suspected non-Omicron case for every two suspected Omicron cases from the line-list were selected, matching for the date of sample collection and the testing laboratory. Results: A total of 1175 SGTF COVID-19 patients were enrolled for this study. Almost 6 per cent (n=72) reported a history of previous infection. 141 (13.5%) suspected Omicron cases were non-vaccinated, while 148 (14.2%) and 703 (67.4%) had received valid one and two doses of COVID-19 vaccines, respectively. Predominant symptoms reported included fever (n=508, 43.2%), body pain (n=275, 23.4%), running nose (n=261, 22.2%) and cough (n=249, 21.2%). Five (0.4%) of the 1175 suspected Omicron cases required oxygen supplementation as compared to ten (1.6%) of the 634 suspected non-Omicron cases. No deaths were reported among omicron suspects, whereas there were four deaths among suspected non-Omicron cases. Interpretation & conclusions: Majority of the suspected Omicron cases had a mild course of illness. The overall severity of these cases was less compared to the suspected non-Omicron cases.